1. Wastewater Collection: Household wastewater from toilets, sinks, showers, washing machines, etc., flows into the sewage tank via underground pipes.
2. Separation: Inside the tank, solid waste settles to the bottom, forming sludge, while lighter materials like grease and oils float to the top, forming a scum layer. The middle layer consists of clarified liquid effluent.
3. Bacterial Breakdown: Anaerobic bacteria present in the sewage tank begin to decompose the solid waste, breaking it down into simpler compounds. This process reduces the volume of solid waste over time.
4. Effluent Discharge: The liquid effluent, which is relatively clear after the settling process, flows out of the tank and into a drain field or leach field through perforated pipes. In the drain field, the effluent undergoes further treatment as it percolates through the soil, where naturally occurring bacteria further break down harmful pathogens and nutrients.
5. Maintenance: Regular maintenance is necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the sewage tank. This includes periodic pumping to remove accumulated sludge and scum, as well as inspections to check for any leaks or damage.
Septic tanks are a common solution for rural and suburban areas where connecting to a municipal sewer system is not feasible. However, proper installation, use, and maintenance are essential to prevent environmental contamination and health hazards.

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